砂姜黑土的培肥与持续增产研究

在典型砂姜黑土上的六年定位试验证明:每年亩施圈肥2500～5000kg,可显著提高土壤有机质含量,全氮和速效氮有所增加,速效磷含量增高;在各种磷酸盐形态中,铝磷酸盐含量明显增加。施用圈肥的处理,耕层土壤容重降低,有效水含量显著提高,土壤持水曲线与对照处理有明显差别。施用氮磷化肥和无肥对照区,土壤有机质含量没有明显下降,说明砂姜黑土的土壤有机质分解速度是缓慢的。单纯施用氮磷化肥,第一年小麦增产幅度较大,以后小麦产量逐年下降。同时施用圈肥和氮磷化肥,小麦产量逐年呈上升趋势。     

世纪之交我国棉花品种改良的科技发展

近年来我国棉花生产急剧滑坡，起因是自然灾害，但缺乏突破性品种，或者说品种的遗传基础过于狭窄是内在的根本原因。我国棉花生产用种以自育品种为主的世代不会逆转。今后我国棉花品种改良的科技要点是：加强原始材料的收集和育种新亲本的创造；促进高新技术与常规育种的结合；常规育种技术亟待创新，重点是加强理论指导，方案要贴近生产实际；恢复诸如诱变及其与复合杂交相结合等方法研究；优质纤维将是遗传改良的重点性状。此外，品种立法也势在必行。     

Breeding crops for reduced-tillage management in the intensive, rice–wheat systems of South Asia

The importance of reduced tillage in sustainable agriculture is well recognized. Reduced-tillage practices (which may or may not involve retention of crop residues) and their effects differ from those of conventional tillage in several ways: soil physical properties; shifts in host–weed competition; soil moisture availability (especially when sowing deeply or under stubble); and the emergence of pathogen populations that survive on crop residues. There may be a need for genotypes suited to special forms of mechanization (e.g. direct seeding into residues) and to agronomic conditions such as allelopathy, as well as specific issues relating to problem soils. This article examines issues and breeding targets for researchers who seek to improve crops for reduced-tillage systems. Most of the examples used pertain to wheat, but we also refer to other crops. Our primary claim is that new breeding initiatives are needed to introgress favourable traits into wheat and other crops in areas where reduced or zero-tillage is being adopted. Key traits include faster emergence, faster decomposition, and the ability to germinate when deep seeded (so that crops compete with weeds and use available moisture more efficiently). Enhancement of resistance to new pathogens and insect pests surviving on crop residues must also be given attention. In addition to focusing on new traits, breeders need to assess germplasm and breeding populations under reduced tillage. Farmer participatory approaches can also enhance the effectiveness of cultivar development and selection in environments where farmers’ links with technology providers are weak. Finally, modern breeding tools may also play a substantial role in future efforts to develop adapted crop genotypes for reduced tillage.     

老芒麦种质资源的研究进展

我国有着极其丰富的老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)种质资源,这对于今后研究老芒麦种质资源具有非常重要的作用。目前国内外对老芒麦种质资源的研究主要集中在其系统分类和遗传多样性方面,而老芒麦种质资源的育种和遗传完整性方面的研究还不够深入,尤其是遗传完整性方面还未见报道。本研究主要综述了老芒麦种质资源的植物学和生物学特征、遗传多样性、育种等国内外的研究进展,并提出了老芒麦种质资源研究中存在的主要问题,为老芒麦种质资源的进一步研究提供参考依据。     

民和县肉牛改良现状与存在的问题及对策

本文通过对民和县肉牛改良工作现状、存在问题的分析,提出了促进民和县肉牛生产更进一步发展的具体对策.     

不同种质佛手五种微量元素含量的比较分析

利用微波消解/电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES),同时测定了不同种质佛手的铜、铁、锰、锌、硒5种微量元素的含量.结果表明:佛手含有较丰富的铁,硒的含量最低;不同种质间以来自江苏金佛手的铜、铁、锰、锌微量元素含量最高;云南产的云佛手微量元素含量最低.来自广西和广东4个不同产地的广佛手间微量元素含量也有一定差异.不同种质佛手微量元素含量的测定,为种质评价、了解药效成分含量及其疗效差异提供重要参考.     

洛阳市狗牙根种质资源调查

按照居群取样方法,随机选取洛阳市15个狗牙根居群(包括10个野生居群和5个栽培品种居群),调查了居群狗牙根的生境类型、群落组成及其形态学特性.结果表明:洛阳市狗牙根群落的主要生境是路边、坡地、田坎边、疏林下及河边等;洛阳市狗牙根群落中有17科24属26种伴生植物,主要伴生植物为灰菜、婆婆纳、小白酒草、葎草、莎草、苦苣菜和打碗花等;15个居群中狗牙根形态学特性的变化范围分别是:草层高度0.8～48.7 cm、匍匐茎节间长度0.4～12.9 cm、匍匐茎节间直径0.04～0.28 cm、直立茎叶长0.4～11.6 cm、直立茎叶宽0.09～0.45 cm.各性状变异系数由大到小依次是草层高度(91％)＞匍匐茎的节间长度(64％)＞直立茎的叶宽(44％)＞匍匐茎的节间直径(43.5％)＞直立茎的叶长(31％).该研究结果可为洛阳市狗牙根种质资源的开发和利用提供理论依据.     

香菇菌株遗传多样性ISSR、RAPD和SRAP综合分析

采用ISSR、RAPD和SRAP分子标记技术对收集到的26株供试香菇(Lentinula edodes)菌株进行遗传多样性分析,将分析数据合并构建UPGMA亲缘关系树状图,综合分析结果表明,26株供试香菇菌株间的遗传相似系数范围为0.49～0.97,在相似系数0.61时可分为3个类群,具有相似遗传背景或来源于野生资源的菌株优先聚类在同一亚群,由5株野生菌株组成的第三类群与21株主栽菌株相似系数仅为0.50,存在非常明显的遗传差异.该试验结果表明:该方法可以更好地解释供试香菇菌株间的亲缘关系;加强野生香菇种质资源的评价和鉴定研究,将有利于我国现有主栽香菇的品种改良和培育出具有自主知识产权的优良香菇新品种.     

沙拐枣属植物种质资源描述规范和数据标准的研究

沙拐枣属植物为灌木或半灌木,多分枝,是荒漠地区优良固沙和饲料植物。文章论述了沙拐枣属植物种质资源描述规范和数据标准制定的原则、方法及主要研究内容,对于规范全国沙拐枣属植物种质资源的收集、整理、保存、鉴定、评价、信息与实物共享具有重要意义。     

Varietal discrimination and genetic relationships of Vitis vinifera L. cultivars from two major Controlled Appellation (DOC) regions in Portugal

Thirty-nine grapevine cultivars widely grown in Portugal, especially in Vinhos Verdes and Douro regions, and two well known international cultivars as standards, were genotyped at 12 microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 6 to 12, and the number of allelic combinations per locus from 13 to 26. The total number of unique genotypes in the 12 analysed loci was 120, having most of the cultivars (38 out of 41) at least one unique genotype in any of the loci. The microsatellite profiles were adequate to discriminate 41 cultivars. The level of observed heterozygosity at each locus varied from 70.7% to 95.1%. VVMD28 has been revealed as one of the most informative markers. Several synonymies between Spanish and Portuguese cultivars were confirmed, and some homonymies are discussed. The genetic profiles of all 41 cultivars were searched for possible parent-offspring groups. The data obtained revealed the possible descendence of Touriga Franca from Touriga Nacional and Marufo.